e-sRC

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Introduction

            The pre-colonial inter-group relations between the Benin Kingdom and the Agbor (Ika) people were shaped by both cooperation and conflict, reflecting the broader complexities of West African societies during that era. Agbor, believed to have been founded by Prince Ogugunagbon, one of the twin sons of Oba Ewedo of Benin, shared strong cultural and historical ties with the Benin Empire. This connection explains why the people of Agbor and Benin share similarities in names, culture, and traditions¹.

Trade played a key role in the cooperation between the two groups, particularly in agricultural goods and other commodities. Both Benin and Agbor benefited from mutual trade, and the shared trade routes were a crucial factor in maintaining ongoing relations, even in times of tension². This economic exchange fostered a level of interdependence and allowed for regular interactions. Additionally, intermarriages between Benin and Agbor families helped solidify diplomatic ties and foster peace during periods of conflict, serving as a means to build alliances and promote mutual respect³.

The economic organization of Agbor is one that ensures the material progress of the people, in relation with the efforts made by them to supply their everyday needs through the provision of the basic necessities of life like food, clothing, and shelter as well as the way they lived and organized themselves through the use of socially desirable knowledge, attitudes and skills which they bequeathed to their heirs and successors.⁴  Essentially, trade in pre-colonial Benin was done majorly through trade by barter. Barter is done by exchanging goods and commodities. This simply means that a farmer may use his farm produce such as cassava, yam, sorghum to get the services of a fisherman. Although, cowries were used as medium of exchange but comparatively barter was mostly used.⁵

Culturally, the proximity of Benin and Agbor led to a degree of cultural borrowing, with shared traditions and practices. Despite their differences, both groups maintained distinct identities while influencing one another. The Benin Kingdom, known for its military prowess and expansionist ambitions, frequently sought to extend its influence over Agbor. However, the Agbor people successfully resisted full subjugation, preserving their autonomy and unique political institutions, even under pressure from Benin’s military superiority⁴. This ongoing tension over territorial control and leadership often resulted in skirmishes, as Benin’s attempts to dominate were met with Agbor’s determined resistance.⁶ The Benin (Edo) and Agbor (Ika) peoples of Nigeria share historical, cultural, and linguistic affinities due to their geographic proximity and interconnected histories. Both groups have roots in the broader Benin Empire and exhibit similarities in traditions, belief systems, and social structures.  Both groups practice traditional African religions alongside Christianity. They revere similar deities and spirits, particularly those related to fertility, protection, and ancestors. Ritual practices, such as libations, animal sacrifices, and masquerade festivals, bear strong resemblances.  Both cultures celebrate festivals honoring deities, ancestors, and agricultural cycles. For instance, the Igue festival in Benin and similar agricultural thanksgiving ceremonies in Agbor reflect this shared cultural orientation.⁷

Despite the frequent conflicts, the relationship between Benin and Agbor was not solely defined by rivalry. Both groups engaged in cultural and economic exchanges, and cooperation was as much a part of their interaction as conflict. The intermarriages, shared trade routes, and cultural exchanges reflect the delicate balance of power and mutual influence between the two. This interplay of collaboration and competition allowed both societies to retain their distinctiveness while engaging in ongoing exchanges.

In summary, the pre-colonial relationship between Benin and Agbor was a complex and dynamic one, shaped by trade, cultural ties, and territorial disputes. While Benin sought dominance, Agbor’s resistance enabled it to maintain its autonomy and traditional governance. This multifaceted relationship reflects the broader nature of inter-group relations in West Africa during the pre-colonial era, where cooperation and conflict coexisted. The onset of colonialism would later disrupt these dynamics, but the historical connections between Benin and Agbor remained influential in shaping their development.⁸

Aim and Objectives of the Study

To examine the nature and pattern of inter-group relations between the Benin and Agbor people in the pre-colonial period, focusing on their social, economic, and political interactions and how these relationships influenced their respective societies.

Specific objectives are:

1. To identify the key social interactions between the Benin and Agbor people in the pre-colonial are.
2. To examine the economic relationships between the Benin and Agbor people.
3. To examine the political dynamics and alliances between the Benin and Agbor people.
4. To discuss the cultural between the Benin and Agbor societies.

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