CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Introduction
This study examines the history and culture of the Etsako people, a division of the Afemailand clan in northern Edo state, Nigeria. The study delves into the traditional political structures, customs, and values of the Etsako people, highlighting their unique characteristics and practices. Specifically, the study explores the economic activities of women in pre-colonial Etsako land, their socio-political activities, the impact of the socio-economic activities of Etsako women and traditional marriage rites on women’s rights and status. Additionally, the study provides an overview of the history and migration of the Etsako people, their population, and household dynamics.1 The Etsako people have a rich cultural heritage, with a history dating back to the 18th century when they migrated from the Bini kingdom under the leadership of Aidenomo. The name “Etsako” is derived from the terms “etsa” and “eko,” which symbolize the practice of cutting teeth, specifically the upper incisor of newly married young females. This unique practice is a significant aspect of Etsako culture and tradition.2
The traditional political structure of the Etsako people is characterized by a clear hierarchy, with villages headed by Village Heads and clans headed by Clan Heads. This structure fosters peace and maintains customs and values. The Etsako people are predominantly Christians or Muslims, although traditional idol worship still exists. In pre-colonial Etsako land, women played a significant role in the economy, engaging in various activities such as farming, trading, and craftsmanship. Women were also involved in the production and processing of food, clothing, and other essential goods. Despite their economic contributions, women’s rights and status were limited, with females being considered secondary heirs and property of their husbands’ families.3
The socio-political activities of women in pre-colonial Etsako land were also restricted, with women excluded from leadership positions and decision-making processes. Women’s participation in trade and commerce was limited, and they were often confined to domestic roles. The traditional marriage rites of the Etsako people further reinforced women’s subordinate status, with the payment of bride-prize symbolizing the transfer of ownership from the bride’s family to the groom’s family. The study’s findings highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the cultural practices and traditions of the Etsako people, particularly in relation to women’s rights and status. The study’s conclusions emphasize the importance of promoting gender equality and challenging discriminatory practices that perpetuate women’s subordination.4
The study provides a comprehensive overview of the history, culture, and traditions of the Etsako people, with a specific focus on the economic and socio-political activities of women in pre-colonial Etsako land. The study’s findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities of Etsako culture and the need for gender equality and social justice.5
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this research work is to examine the history, economic activities, and socio-political roles of women in pre-colonial Etsako land. Specific objectives are:
1. To examine a brief history of the Etsako people, including their political, religious, and cultural background.
2. Investigate the economic activities of women in pre-colonial Etsako land, including their roles in farming, trading, and craftsmanship.
3. Analyze the socio-political activities of women in pre-colonial Etsako land, including their participation in community decision-making and leadership positions.
4. Evaluate the role of women in pre-colonial Etsako society, including their contributions to the economy and social organization.
5. Explore the impact of traditional practices and institutions on the status and socio-political rights of women in pre-colonial Etsako land.